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You can consider including longer material in an APA appendix instead.

For example, you might clarify a specific point or direct the reader to sources that contain more detail on a related topic.Īs APA doesn’t encourage the use of footnotes, you should keep these notes as brief as possible.

You can use content footnotes in APA to provide additional information to readers. Note: Although notes at the end of a paper are typically called endnotes, they’re referred to as footnotes in APA. Like most text in an APA format paper, footnotes at the end of the text should be double-spaced.įootnotes should be presented in the order their numbers appear in the text. Indent the first line of each footnote and place a single space between the superscript number and the footnote text. The title of the page, “Footnotes,” should be centered and bold. When placing footnotes at the end of a text in APA, place them on a separate footnotes page, after the reference page. There should be a single space between the superscript number and the footnote text. It will also separate them from the main text.įootnotes at the bottom of a page should be single-spaced. This will ensure that each superscript number in the text corresponds to the correct footnote.

You can use your word processor to automatically insert footnotes at the bottom of the page. If you need to refer to an earlier note again, write “see Footnote 3” or similar in the text or in parentheses.įootnotes can appear either at the bottom of the relevant page, or at the end of the paper on a separate footnotes page.

If the footnote relates to material offset by a dash, the footnote number should come before the dash, rather than after.Įxample: Footnote placementAlthough reduced caffeine intake had noticeable short-term effects on the subjects’ moods and energy levels-this was measured using multiple methods 2-their energy levels did not fluctuate as frequently as those in the control group (whose daily caffeine intake was not reduced 3).ĭon’t repeat footnotes.

If a footnote relates to text in parentheses, the footnote number should also appear inside the parentheses.

Example: Footnote in APAThe findings of the study are consistent with other research. Footnote numbers typically appear at the end of a sentence or clause, after the period or other punctuation.

Frequently asked questions about APA footnotesįootnotes use superscript numbers and should appear in consecutive order.